Gender Pension Gap in EU Countries: A Between-Group Inequality Approach

Pension entitlements are influenced by individual career paths and labor market conditions, which often result in gender-based disparities. Women face several challenges during their working lives, such as late entry into the market, gender pay gap, discontinuous careers, early retirement due to family caregiving, lead lower pension incomes. This paper investigates gap nine European Union countries from 2004 2020. Our study adopts a non-parametric estimation strategy that utilizes additively decomposable inequality measures provide more informative perspective on inequality. We aim demonstrate this approach surpasses standard index capturing between-gender societies. Employing data SHARE database, we find studied is decreasing average, with convergence trend observed 2011 onwards. contributes comprehensive understanding of phenomenon, crucial for developing effective policy responses welfare perspective.